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world¨s richest shah�察�is preparing what will one day bee a legendary book。 
To plete his project�察�he sent word to the four corners of Islamdom inviting 
the world¨s greatest artists to join him。 The men he¨d sent to Istanbul visited 
me yesterday�察�inviting me to Hindustan。 This time�察�I opened the door to find�察�
in  their  place�察 �my  childhood  acquaintance  Black�察 �about  whom  I¨d  forgotten 
entirely。 Back then he wasn¨t able to keep our pany�察�he was jealous of us。 
^Yes�拭院�
He said he¨d e to converse�察�to pay a friendly visit�察�to have a look at my 
illustrations。 I weled him so he might see it all。 I learned he¨d just today 
visited Head Illuminator Master Osman and kissed his hand。 The great master�察�
he  explained�察 �had  given  him  wise  words  to  ponder�此  �A  painter¨s  quality 
bees evident in his discussions of blindness and memory�察院�he¨d said。 So let 
it be evident�此�
 
Blindness and Memory 
 
Before the art of illumination there was blackness and afterward there will also 
be blackness。 Through our colors�察�paints�察�art and love�察�we remember that Allah 
had manded us to ^See ̄� �To know is to remember that you¨ve seen。 To see 
is   to   know   without   remembering。   Thus�察  �painting   is   remembering   the 
blackness。 The great masters�察�who shared a love of painting and perceived that 
color and sight arose from darkness�察�longed to return to Allah¨s blackness by 
means  of  color。  Artists  without  memory  neither  remember  Allah  nor  his 
blackness。  All  great  masters�察 �in  their  work�察 �seek  that  profound  void  within 
color and outside time。 Let me explain to you what it means to remember this 
darkness�察�which was revealed in Herat by the great masters of old。 
   
85 
 
Three Stories on Blindness and Memory 
 
ALIF 
In  Lami¨i  Chelebi¨s  Turkish  translation  of  the  Persian  poet  Jami¨s  Gifts  of 
Intimacy�察 �which  addresses  the  stories  of  the  saints�察 �it  is  written  that  in  the 
bookmaker¨s workshop of Jihan Shah�察�the ruler of the Blacksheep nation�察�the 
renowned  master  Sheikh  Ali  Tabrizi  had  illustrated  a  magnificent  version  of 
H┨srev and Shirin。 According to what I¨ve heard�察�in this legendary manuscript�察�
which  took  eleven  years  to  plete�察 �the  master  of  master  miniaturists�察�
Sheikh Ali�察�displayed such talent and skill and painted such wonderful pictures 
that  only  the  greatest  of  the  old  masters�察 �Bihzad�察 �could  have  matched  him。 
Even  before  the  illuminated  manuscript  was  half  finished�察 �Jihan  Shah  knew 
that he would soon possess a spectacular book without equal in all the world。 
He  thus  lived  in  fear  and  jealousy  of  young  Tall  Hasan�察 �the  ruler  of  the 
Whitesheep  nation�察 �and  declared  him  his  archenemy。  Moreover�察 �Jihan  Shah 
quickly sensed that though his prestige would grow immensely after the book 
was  pleted�察 �an  even  better  version  of  the  manuscript  could  be  made  for 
Tall  Hasan。  Being  one  of  those  truly  jealous  men  who  poisoned  his  own 
contentment  with  the  thought  ^What  if  others  e  to  know  such  bliss�拭院�
Jihan Shah sensed at once that if the virtuoso miniaturist made another copy�察�
or  even  a  better  version�察 �it  would  be  for  his  archenemy  Tall  Hasan。  Thus�察 �in 
order to prevent anyone besides himself from owning this magnificent book�察�
Jihan Shah decided to have the master miniaturist Sheikh Ali killed after he¨d 
pleted  the  book。  But  a  good´hearted  Circassian  beauty  in  his  harem 
advised  him  that  blinding  the  master  miniaturist  would  suffice。  Jihan  Shah 
forthwith  adopted  this  clever  idea�察 �which  he  passed  on  to  his  circle  of 
sycophants�察�until it ultimately reached the ears of Sheikh Ali。 Even so�察�Sheikh 
Ali  didn¨t  leave  the  book  half  finished  and  flee  Tabriz  as  other�察 �mediocre 
illustrators  might¨ve  done。  He  didn¨t  resort  to  games  like  slowing  down  the 
progress of the manuscript or making inferior illustrations so it wouldn¨t be 
^perfect ̄  and  thereby  forestalling  his  imminent  blinding。  Indeed�察 �he  worked 
with even more ardor and conviction。 In the house where he lived alone�察�he¨d 
begin  working  after  the  morning  prayers  and  continue  illustrating  the  same 
horses�察�cypresses�察�lovers�察�dragons and handsome princes by candlelight in the 
middle of the night again and again until bitter tears streamed from his eyes。 
Much of the time�察�he¨d gaze for days at an illustration by one of the great old 
masters of Herat as he made an exact copy on another sheet。 In the end�察�he 
pleted  the  book  for  Jihan  Shah  the  Blacksheep�察 �and  as  the  master 
86 
 
miniaturist  had  expected�察 �he  was  at  first  praised  and  showered  with  gold 
pieces�察 �before  being  blinded  with  a  sharp  plume  needle  used  to  affix  turban 
plumes。 Before his pain had even subsided�察�Sheikh Ali left Herat and went to 
join Tall Hasan the Whitesheep。 ^Yes�察�indeed�察�I am blind�察院�he explained to Tall 
Hasan�察  �yet  I  remember  each  of  the  splendors  of  the  manuscript  I¨ve 
illuminated for the last eleven years�察�down to each mark of the pen and each 
stroke  of  the  brush�察 �and  my  hand  can  draw  it  again  from  memory。  My 
Excellency�察�I could illustrate the greatest manuscript of all time for you。 Since 
my eyes will no longer be distracted by the filth of this world�察�I¨ll be able to 
depict all the glories of Allah from memory�察�in their purest form。 ̄ Tall Hasan 
believed the great master miniaturist�察�and the master miniaturist�察�keeping his 
promise�察�illustrated from memory the most magnificent of books for the ruler 
of  the  Whitesheep。  Everyone  knew  the  spiritual  power  provided  by  the  new 
book  was  what  lay  behind  Tall  Hasan¨s  subsequent  defeat  of  the  Blacksheep 
and the victorious Khan¨s execution of Jihan Shah during a raid near Bing��l。 
This magnificent book�察�along with the one Sheikh Ali Tabrizi made for the late 
Jihan Shah�察�entered Our Sultan¨s treasury in Istanbul when the ever´victorious 
Tall Hasan was defeated at the Battle of Otlukbeli by Sultan Mehmet Khan the 
Conqueror�察�may he rest in peace。 Those who can truly see�察�know。 
 
BA 
Since  the  Denizen  of  Paradise�察 �Sultan  S┨leyman  Khan  the  Lawgiver�察 �favored 
calligraphers  over  illustrators�察 �unfortunate  miniaturists  of  the  day  would 
recount  the  present  story  as  an  example  of  how  illustrating  surpasses 
calligraphy。 However�察�as anyone who pays close attention will realize�察�this tale 
is actually about blindness and memory。 After the death of Tamerlane�察�Ruler of 
the World�察�his sons and grandchildren set to attacking and mercilessly battling 
one another。 In the event that one of them succeeded in conquering another¨s 
city�察�his first action was to mint his own coins and have a sermon read at the 
mosque。 His second act as victor was to pull apart the books that had e 
into  his  possession�察 �a  new  dedication  would  be  written�察 �boasting  of  the 
conqueror  as  the  new  ^ruler  of  the  world�察院 �a  new  colophon  added�察 �and  it 
would  all  be  bound  together  again  so  that  those  who  laid  eyes  on  the 
conqueror¨s  book  would  believe  that  he  truly  was  a  world  ruler。  When 
Abd┨llatif�察 �the  son  of  Tamerlane¨s  grandson  Ulu�拭 �Bey�察 �captured  Herat�察 �he 
mobilized his miniaturists�察�calligraphers and binders with such haste�察�and so 
pressured them to make a book in honor of his father�察�a connoisseur of book 
arts�察 �that  as  volumes  were  in  the  midst  of  being  unbound  and  the  scripted 
87 
 
pages  destroyed  and  burned�察 �the  corresponding  pictures  became  mixed  up。 
Since it did not befit the honor of Ulu�拭�Bey for his son to arrange and bind 
albums  without  a  care  for  which  picture  belonged  to  which  story�察 �he 
assembled  all  the  miniaturists  in  Herat  and  requested  that  they  recount  the 
stories so as to put the illustrations in proper order。 From each miniaturist¨s 
mouth�察 �however�察 �came  a  different  account�察 �and  so  the  correct  order  of  the 
plates  was  confused  all  the  more。  Thereupon�察 �the  oldest  surviving  head 
miniaturist was sought out。 He was a man who¨d extinguished the light of his 
eyes  in  painstaking  labor  on  the  books  of  all  the  shahs  and  princes  who¨d 
ruled over Herat for the last fifty´ four years。 A great motion ensued when 
the men realized that the old master now peering at the pictures was indeed 
blind。 Some laughed。 The elderly master requested that an intelligent boy�察�who 
had  not  yet  reached  the  age  of  seven  and  who  couldn¨t  read  or  write�察 �be 
brought  forward。  Such  a  child  was  found  and  taken  to  him。  The  old 
miniaturist  placed  a  number  of  illustrations  before  him。  ^Describe  what  you 
see�察院 �he  instructed。  As  the  boy  described  the  pictures�察 �the  old  miniaturist�察�
raising his blind eyes to the sky�察�listened carefully and responded�此 �Alexander 
cradling  the  dying  Darius  from  Firdusi¨s  Book  of  Kings´  the  account  of  the 
teacher  who  falls  in  love  with  his  handsome  student  from  Sadi¨s  Rosegarden 
´the  contest  of  doctors  from  Nizami¨s  Treasury  of  Secrets´ ̄  The  other 
miniaturists�察 �vexed  by  their  elderly  and  blind  colleague�察 �said�察  �We  could¨ve 
told you that as well。 These are the best´known scenes from the most famous 
stories。 ̄  In  turn�察 �the  aged  and  blind  miniaturist  placed  the  most  difficult 
illustrations  before  the  child  and  again  listened  intently。  ^H┨rm┨z  poisoning 
the calligraphers one by one from Firdusi¨s Book of Kings�察院�he said�察�again facing 
the sky。 ^A cheap rendition of the terrible account of the cuckold who catches 
his wife and her lover in a pear tree�察�from Rumi¨s Masnawi�察院�he said。 In this 
fashion�察 �relying  on  the  boy¨s  descriptions�察 �he  identified  all  of  the  pictures�察�
none  of  which  he  could  see�察 �and  thereby  succeeded  in  having  the  books 
properly bound together again。 When Ulu�拭�Bey entered Herat with his army�察�
he  asked  the  old  miniaturist  by  what  secret  

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